Colonoscopy: What You Need to Know
*Disclaimer
The information provided on this webpage and it’s external links, is intended for general informational and independent research purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the direct guidance of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Do not disregard or delay seeking professional medical advice based on information obtained from this site.
What is a Colonoscopy?
A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to closely examine the inner lining of your colon (large intestine) and rectum using a long, flexible tube with a tiny camera at the end. This procedure is a key tool for detecting early signs of colorectal cancer, investigating symptoms like abdominal pain or bleeding, and monitoring ongoing digestive health issues.
Whether you’re preparing for your first colonoscopy or just want to understand the process better, this page will guide you through what to expect before, during, and after the procedure.
Why Colonoscopies Are Important and When Should I Get One?
A Colonoscopy is one of the most effective ways to prevent colorectal cancer. During the procedure, doctors can identify and remove small growths known as polyps, that can develop into cancer over time before they become dangerous.
Colonoscopies are primarily used to:
- Screen for colorectal cancer
- Starting at age 45 it is encouraged that people start regular screenings for colorectal cancer.
- People who are in good health and with a life expectancy of more than 10 years should continue regular colorectal cancer screening through age 75.
- For people ages 76 through 85, the decision to be screened should be based on a person’s preferences, life expectancy, overall health, and prior screening history.
- People over age 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening but can if desired.
- For screening, people are considered to be at average risk if they do not have:
- A personal history of colorectal cancer or certain types of polyps
- A family history of colorectal cancer
- A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease)
- A confirmed or suspected hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer or HNPCC)
- A personal history of getting radiation to the abdomen (belly) or pelvic area to treat a prior cancer
- Anyone that does have any of the above items are considered at a higher risk and screenings may be more frequent as recommended by your doctor.
- Monitor individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps that may need to start regular screenings earlier.
- Check on individuals with personal histories of IBD or prior colon polyps that may need more frequent screening.
- Help anyone experiencing digestive symptoms such as unexplained bleeding, persistent changes in bowel habits, or unexplained weight loss may be referred for a diagnostic colonoscopy.
Colonoscopies are also used to:
- Investigate symptoms such as:
- Chronic diarrhea or constipation
- Unexplained abdominal pain
- Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
- Sudden changes in bowel habits
- Diagnose conditions like:
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
- Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
- Colon or rectal cancer
- Follow up on abnormal results from stool tests, imaging scans, or prior procedures
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Proper preparation is essential for a successful colonoscopy. A clean colon allows the doctor to get a clear view.
Here’s what to expect:
- Bowel Prep:
You’ll be asked to follow a clear liquid diet the day before your procedure and drink a prescribed laxative solution to empty your bowels. This may involve splitting the dose between the evening before and the morning of the procedure.
- Diet Instructions:
Avoid solid foods and red or purple liquids the day before. Common clear liquids include water, broth, apple juice, sports drinks, and gelatin.
- Medication Adjustments:
Your doctor will give you instructions on whether to pause or adjust medications like blood thinners, insulin, or iron supplements. - Arrange Transportation:
Sedation is used during the procedure, so you’ll need someone to drive you home afterward.
See our “Colonoscopy Preparation” page for additional information on pre-procedure information and for bowel prep instructions.
What Happens During the Procedure
- You’ll be asked to change into a gown and lie on your side.
- An IV will be placed to administer sedation, helping you relax or sleep during the exam.
- The doctor will gently insert the colonoscope into your rectum and guide it through the colon.
- The camera transmits real-time images to a monitor so the doctor can inspect the lining for abnormalities.
- If any polyps or suspicious areas are found, they may be removed or biopsied during the procedure.
Duration: Most colonoscopies take 30–60 minutes.
After the Procedure
- You’ll be monitored in a recovery area until the sedation wears off.
- You may feel bloating, gas, or mild cramping for a few hours due to the air used to inflate the colon during the exam.
- Most patients can resume normal activities by the next day, but avoid driving or operating machinery for 24 hours.
- Your doctor will discuss the findings with you and let you know when to expect biopsy results if samples were taken.
Risks and Safety
Colonoscopies are a safe procedure, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks:
- Bleeding (particularly if a polyp is removed)
- Perforation (a rare tear in the bowel wall)
- Adverse reactions to sedation
These complications are uncommon, and your care team will take steps to minimize any risks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Will it hurt?
No, you’ll be sedated and should not feel pain during the procedure. Some mild discomfort or gas afterward is normal.
Can I go to work the next day?
Most people return to work and normal activities within 24 hours.
How often do I need one?
If no polyps are found, your next screening might be in 10 years. If polyps are found, your doctor may recommend a shorter follow-up interval.
Do I still need a colonoscopy if I feel fine?
Yes. Colon cancer often develops without symptoms in its early stages. That’s why routine screening is important—even if you feel healthy. Early detection greatly improves the chance of successful treatment.
Can I have a colonoscopy during my period?
Yes, it’s safe. Just wear a pad, not a tampon, during the procedure.
What if I throw up the bowel prep?
Stop and call your doctor—they may adjust your prep or give alternate instructions.
Can I take chewing gum or mints before the procedure?
No. Avoid chewing gum, mints, or candy within a few hours of the procedure.
Can I brush my teeth on the day of the colonoscopy?
Yes, just don’t swallow any water or toothpaste.
When can I eat after the procedure?
Usually right after you’re fully awake although it is recommended to start with light food and advance as tolerated.
Can I have a colonoscopy while pregnant?
It’s rare and only done if medically necessary. Discuss risks with your doctor.
Can I drink alcohol the day before my colonoscopy?
No. Avoid alcohol as it can dehydrate you and interfere with sedation.
Can I get a colonoscopy during a cold or minor illness?
It depends—contact your doctor to reschedule if you’re sick.
Have Questions?
If you’ve been scheduled for a colonoscopy or are wondering if one is right for you, reach out to your healthcare provider or view our page on preparing for a colonoscopy. Our team is here to walk you through each step of the process and ensure you feel informed, safe, and supported.